![]() The first type of 3D printing process mainly depends on chemical reactions such as curing agents using optical or thermal resources. At present, 3D-printing methods could be divided into chemical and physical types based on the material forming process. Furthermore, the simplified digital manufacturing process with low cost and high efficiency also illustrated the advantages of the 3D-printing method. For cardiovascular stents, a biodegradable stent in mm level with roughly 85–95% accuracy was achieved via a 3D-printing process, which presented an alternative to the conventional laser cutting method. In general, the 3D-printing methods are suitable for producing microstructures with comparatively high accuracy and resolution. Some multiscale structures that were not feasible before can now be constructed, e.g., utilizing an electrically assisted 3D-printing system to fabricate a hierarchical structure with biomimetic nacre-inspired design. Besides, various complex structures could also be fabricated conveniently via 3D-printing methods. illustrated that a 3D-printed nanocomposite could fabricate energy harvesters with high performance when using spatially controlled filler orientation to create embedded nanostructures. 3D-printing technology has enabled the produced materials to have isotropic or anisotropic properties for identical layers via the controlled filler alignment. In fabrication of piezoelectric devices, alignment modes could cause different piezoelectric performance. Researchers from various fields have applied rapidly developed additive manufacturing (3D-printing) technology to their studies, for example, synthesis of biomimetic materials with complex shapes such as nacre and lobster claw, fabrication of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) devices or piezoelectric medical devices, combining 3D-printing techniques with smart materials for application of 4D-printing, etc. The approach may bring more possibilities to the fabrication of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based ultrasonic devices via 3D-printing methods in the future. Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of AM technology in fabricating piezoelectric composites with complex structures that cannot be fabricated by dicing-filling. After being integrated into an ultrasonic device, the 3D-printed component also presents promising material performance and output power properties for ultrasound sensing (i.e., output voltage reached 180 mVpp). ![]() A sintered sample with denser body and higher density was achieved (i.e., density obtained 5.96 g/cm 3), and the 3D-printed ceramic displayed the expected piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties using the complex structure (i.e., piezoelectric constant achieved 60 pC/N). ![]() In this study, the Mask-Image-Projection-based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) process, one of the AM (3D-printing) methods, was used to build BaTiO 3-based piezoelectric composite ceramics with honeycomb structure design. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM), many research fields have applied AM technology to produce functional materials with various geometric shapes. However, these techniques are limited on fabricating shapes with complex structures. For the traditional fabrication process, piezoelectric composite structures are mainly prepared by mold forming, mixing, and dicing-filing techniques. Piezoelectric composites are considered excellent core materials for fabricating various ultrasonic devices. ![]()
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